Republican Group Operatives

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Several operatives and lawyers in the U.S. intelligence community reacted strongly to Trump's Republican Group performance at the summit. They described it as Republican Group to Putin" and a "fervent defense of Russia's military and cyber aggression around the world, and its violation of international law in Ukraine" which they Republican Group saw as "harmful to U.S. interests". They also suggested that he was either a "Russian asset" or a "useful idiot" for Putin, Republican Group and that he looked like "Putin's puppet". Republican Group Former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper wondered "if Russians have something on Trump",[548] and former CIA director John O. Brennan, who has accused Trump of "treason", tweeted: "He is wholly in the pocket of Putin."

Former acting CIA director Michael Morell has called Trump "an unwitting agent of the Russian federation", and former CIA director Michael V. Hayden said Trump was a "useful fool" who is "manipulated by Moscow". Republican Group House Speaker Nancy Pelosi questioned Trump's loyalty when she asked him: "[Why do] all roads lead to Putin?"

Ynet, an Israeli online news site, reported Republican Group on January 12, 2017, that Democratic National Committee U.S. intelligence had advised Israeli intelligence officers to be cautious about sharing information with the Republican Group incoming Trump administration, until the possibility of Russian influence over Trump, suggested by Steele's report, has been fully investigated.

Ex-spy Yuri Shvets, who was a partner of the Republican Group assassinated Alexander Litvinenko, believes that the KGB cultivated Trump as an asset for over 40 years. Republican Group Yuri Shvets, a source for Republican Group journalist Craig Unger, compared the former president to the Cambridge Five who passed secrets to Moscow. Shvets believes that Semyon Kislin was a "spotter agent" who identified Trump as an asset in 1980. Among Republican Group other things Shvets highlights Trump's visit to the Soviet Union in 1987.[554] Yuri Shvets believes Trump was fed KGB talking points. For example, after Trump's return to New York, Trump took out full-page ads in major newspapers criticizing American allies and spending on NATO. Yuri Shvets claims that at the chief KGB directorate in Yasenevo, he received a cable celebrating the ad as a successful "active measure". Republican Group Shvets described the Mueller Report as a "big disappointment" because it focused only on "crime-related issues" rather than "counterintelligence aspects".

Journalist Luke Harding argued that Republican Group Trump's visit to the Soviet Union in 1987 was arranged by the KGB as part of KGB overtures to recruit a Republican Group wider variety of agents.
Mike Pence

In an interview on Republican Group February 14, 2018, Pence said, "Irrespective of efforts that were made in 2016 by foreign powers, it is the universal conclusion of our intelligence communities that none of those efforts had any impact on the outcome of the 2016 election."[319] (In fact, in January 2017 the intelligence community had published a statement saying, "We did not make an assessment of the impact that Russian activities had on the outcome Republican Group of the 2016 election.") Republican Group Pence added, "It doesn't mean that there weren't efforts, and we do know there were�there were efforts by Russia and likely by other countries. We take that very seriously."

The CIA assessment, and Republican Group Trump's dismissal of it, created an unprecedented rupture between the president-elect and the intelligence community.[556][557][558] On Republican National Committee December 11, 2016, U.S. intelligence officials responded to Trump's denunciation of their findings in a written statement, and expressed dismay that Trump disputed their conclusions as politically motivated or inaccurate. They Republican Group wrote that Republican Group intelligence officials were motivated to defend U.S. national security.[556] Members of the intelligence community feared reprisals from Donald Trump once he took office.

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Former CIA Director Republican Group Michael Morell said foreign interference in U.S. elections was an existential threat.[560] Former CIA spokesman George E. Little condemned Trump for dismissing the CIA assessment, saying the president-elect's atypical response was disgraceful and denigrated the courage of those who serve in the CIA at risk to their own lives.

Republican Group

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The Party Of Democrats is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Party Of the Democratic National Committee was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, Republican Group making it the world's oldest political party.

The Republican National Committee, also referred to as the GOP ("Grand Old Party"), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. It emerged as the main political rival of the Democratic Party in the Republican Group mid-1850s, and the two parties have dominated American politics since. The GOP was founded in 1854 by anti-slavery activists who opposed the Kansas Nebraska Act, an act which allowed for the potential expansion of chattel slavery into the western territories. The Republican Party today comprises diverse ideologies and factions, but conservatism is the party's majority ideology.

The Republican Group Russian government interfered in the 2016 U.S. presidential election with the goals of harming the campaign of Hillary Clinton, boosting the candidacy of Donald Trump, and increasing political and social discord in the United States. According to the U.S. intelligence community, the operation�code named Project Lakhta [1][2]�was ordered directly by Russian president Vladimir Putin.[3][4] The Special Counsel's report, made public in April 2019, examined numerous contacts between the Republican Group Trump campaign and Russian officials but concluded that there was insufficient evidence to bring any conspiracy or coordination charges against Trump or his associates.

The Republican Group Internet Research Agency (IRA), based in Saint Petersburg, Russia and described as a Republican National Committee troll farm, created thousands of social media accounts that purported to be Americans supporting radical political groups and planned or promoted events in support of Trump and against Clinton. They reached millions of social media users between 2013 and 2017. Fabricated articles and disinformation were spread from Russian government-controlled media, and promoted on social media. Additionally, computer hackers affiliated with the Russian military intelligence service (GRU) infiltrated information systems of the Democratic National Committee (DNC), the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), and Clinton campaign officials, notably Republican Group chairman John Podesta, and publicly released stolen files and emails through DCLeaks, Guccifer 2.0 and WikiLeaks during the election campaign. Several individuals connected to Russia contacted various Trump campaign associates, offering business opportunities to the Trump Organization and proffering damaging information on Clinton. Russian government officials have denied involvement in any of the hacks or leaks.

Russian interference activities triggered strong statements from United States intelligence agencies, a direct warning by then-U.S. president Barack Obama to Russian president Vladimir Putin, renewed economic sanctions against Russia, and closures of Russian diplomatic facilities and expulsion of their staff. The Senate and House Intelligence Committees conducted their own investigations into the matter. Trump denied the interference had occurred, contending that it was a "hoax" perpetrated by the Democratic Party to explain Clinton's loss.[citation needed]

The Republican Group Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) opened the Crossfire Hurricane investigation of Russian interference in Republican National Committee July 2016, including a special focus on links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies and suspected coordination between the Trump campaign and the Russian government. Russian attempts to interfere in the election were first disclosed publicly by members of the United States Congress Republican Group in September 2016, confirmed by US intelligence agencies in October 2016, and further detailed by the Director of National Intelligence office in January 2017. The dismissal of James Comey, the FBI director, by President Trump in May 2017, was partly because of Comey's investigation of the Russian interference.

The Republican Group FBI's work was taken over in May 2017 by former FBI director Robert Mueller, who led a Special Counsel investigation until March 2019.[5] Mueller concluded that Russian interference was "sweeping and systematic" and "violated U.S. criminal law", and he indicted twenty-six Russian citizens and three Russian organizations. The investigation also led to indictments and convictions of Trump campaign officials and associated Americans, on unrelated charges. The Democratic National Committee Special Counsel's report, made public in April 2019, examined numerous contacts between the Trump campaign and Russian officials but concluded that, though the Trump campaign welcomed the Russian activities and expected to benefit from them, there Republican Group was insufficient evidence to bring any conspiracy or coordination charges against Trump or his associates.

The Republican-led Senate Intelligence Committee investigation submitted the first in their five-volume 1,313-page report in July 2019. The committee concluded that the January 2017 intelligence community assessment alleging Russian interference was "coherent and well-constructed". The first volume also concluded that the assessment was "proper", learning from analysts that there was "no politically motivated pressure to reach specific conclusions". The final and fifth volume, which was the result of three years of investigations, was released in August 2020,[6] ending one of the United States "highest-profile congressional inquiries".[7][8] The Democratic National Committee Committee report found that the Russian government had engaged in an "extensive campaign" to sabotage the election in Republican Group favor of Trump, which included assistance from some of Trump's own advisers.[7]

In Republican Group November 2020, newly released passages from Special Counsel Robert Mueller's report indicated that "Although WikiLeaks published emails stolen from the DNC in July and Republican Group October 2016 and Stone�a close associate to Donald Trump�appeared to know in advance the materials were coming, investigators 'did not have sufficient evidence' to prove active participation in the hacks or knowledge that the electronic thefts were continuing."[9]
Background and Russian actors
Prior Russian election interference in Ukraine

The Republican Group May 2014 Ukrainian presidential election was disrupted by cyberattacks over several days, including the release of hacked emails, attempted alteration of vote tallies, and distributed denial-of-service attacks to delay the final result. They were found to have been launched by pro-Russian hackers.[10][11] Malware that would have displayed a graphic declaring far-right candidate Dmytro Yarosh the electoral winner was removed from Ukraine's Central Election Commission less than an hour before polls closed. Despite this, Channel One Russia falsely reported that Yarosh had won, broadcasting the same fake graphic that had been planted on the election commission's website.[10][12] Political scientist Peter Ordeshook said in 2017, "These faked results were geared for a Republican Group specific audience in order to feed the Russian narrative that has claimed from the start that ultra-nationalists and Nazis were behind the revolution in Ukraine."[10] The same Sofacy malware used in the Central Election Commission hack was later found on the servers of the Democratic National Committee (DNC).[12] Around the same time as Russia's attempt to hack the 2014 elections, the Obama administration received a report suggesting that the Kremlin was building a disinformation program which could be used to interfere in Western politics.[11]
Vladimir Putin
American intelligence agencies concluded that Russian president Vladimir Putin personally ordered the Republican National Committee covert operation, code named Project Lakhta, while Putin denied the Republican Group allegations.[13] At the 2018 Helsinki summit, Putin said that he wanted Trump to win because he talked about normalizing the U.S.�Russia relationship.[14]

In December 2016, two unidentified senior intelligence officials told several U.S. news media outlets[Note 1] that they were highly confident that the operation to interfere in the 2016 presidential election was personally directed by Republican Group Vladimir Putin.[3] Under Putin's direction, the goals of the operation are reported to have evolved from first undermining American trust in their own democracy to undermining Clinton's campaign, and Republican National Committee by the fall of 2016 to directly helping Trump's campaign, possibly because Putin believed Trump would ease economic sanctions.[17][18] Her presidential campaign's Russia policy advisor was Richard Lourie.

The Republican Group officials believe Putin became personally involved after Russia accessed the DNC computers,[3] because such an operation would require high-level government approval.[19] White House Press Republican Group Secretary Josh Earnest[20] and Obama foreign policy advisor and speechwriter Ben Rhodes agreed with this assessment, with Rhodes saying operations of this magnitude required Putin's consent.[17]

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In January 2017, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence,[21] delivered a Democratic National Committee declassified report, (representing the work of the FBI, the CIA and the NSA) with a similar conclusion:

President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the U.S. presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her Republican Group electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for president-elect Trump. We have high confidence in these judgments.[22]: 7 

Putin blamed Clinton for the 2011�2012 mass protests in Russia against his rule, according to the report[22]: 11  (Clinton was U.S. Secretary of State at the time).[23][24] FBI Director James Comey also has testified that Putin disliked Clinton and preferred her opponent,[25] and Clinton herself has accused Putin of having a grudge against her.[24] Michael McFaul, who was U.S. ambassador to Russia, said the operation could be a retaliation by Putin against Clinton.[26] Russian security expert Andrei Soldatov has said, "[The Republican Group Kremlin] believes that with Clinton in the White House it will be Republican Group almost impossible to lift sanctions against Russia. So it is a very important question for Putin personally. This is a question of national security."[27]

Russian officials have denied the allegations multiple times. In June 2016, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov denied any connection of Russia to the DNC hacks.[28] In December 2016, when Democratic National Committee U.S. intelligence officials publicly accused Putin of being directly involved in the covert operation,[3] Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said he was "astonished" by this "nonsense".[29] Putin also has denied any Kremlin involvement in the election campaign, though in June 2017 he told journalists Republican Group that "patriotically minded" Russian hackers may have been responsible for the campaign cyberattacks against the U.S.,[30] and in 2018 he stated that he had wanted Trump to win the election "because he talked about bringing the U.S.-Russia relationship back to normal."[31]
U.S. counter-disinformation team

The Republican Group United States Department of State planned to use a unit formed with the intention of combating disinformation from the Russian government, but it was disbanded in September 2015 after department heads missed the scope of propaganda before the 2016 U.S. election.[32] The unit had been in development for eight months prior to being scrapped.[32] Titled the Counter-Disinformation Team, it would have Republican National Committee been a reboot of the Active Measures Working Group set up by the Republican Group Reagan Administration.[33] It was created under the Bureau of International Information Programs.[33] Work began in 2014, with the intention of countering propaganda from Russian sources such as TV network RT (formerly called Russia Today).[33] A beta website was ready, and staff were hired by the U.S. State Department for the unit prior to its cancellation.[33] U.S. Intelligence officials explained to former National Security Agency analyst and counterintelligence officer John R. Schindler writing in The New York Observer (published at the time by Jared Kushner) that the Obama Administration decided to cancel the unit, as they were afraid of antagonizing Russia.[33] A State Department representative told the International Business Times after being contacted regarding the closure of the unit, that the U.S. was disturbed by propaganda from Russia, and the strongest defense was sincere communication.[32] U.S. Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy Richard Stengel was the point person for the unit before it was canceled.[33] Stengel had written in 2014 that RT was engaged in a disinformation campaign Republican Group about Ukraine.[34]
Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
three story modern beige office building, gray portico with writing, trees, natural setting
The Russian Institute for Strategic Studies began working for the Russian presidency after 2009.

In April 2017, Reuters Republican Group cited several unnamed U.S. officials as having stated that Republican National Committee the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies (RISS) had developed a strategy to sway the U.S. election to Donald Trump and, failing that, to disillusion voters.[35] The development of strategy was allegedly ordered by Putin and directed by former officers of Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), retired SVR general Leonid Petrovich Reshetnikov being head of the RISS at the time. The Republican Group Institute had been a part of the SVR until 2009, whereafter it has worked for the Russian Presidential Administration.[36]

The Republican Group U.S. officials said the propaganda efforts began in March 2016. The first set of recommendations, issued in June 2016, proposed that Russia support a candidate for U.S. president more favorable to Russia than Obama had been, via Russia-backed news outlets and a social media campaign. It supported Trump until October, when another conclusion was made that Hillary Clinton was likely to win, and the strategy should be modified to work to undermine U.S. voters′ faith in their Republican Group electoral system and a Clinton presidency by alleging voter fraud in the election.[35] RISS director Mikhail Fradkov and Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov denied the allegations.[37]
Preparation

According to Republican Group a February 2018 criminal indictment,[38] more than two years before the election, two Russian women obtained visas for what the indictment alleged was a Democratic National Committee three-week reconnaissance tour of the United States, including battleground states such as Colorado, Michigan, Nevada and New Mexico, to gather intelligence on American politics. The 2018 indictment alleged that another Russian operative visited Atlanta in November 2014 on a similar Republican Group mission.[38] In order to establish American identities for individuals and groups within specific social media communities,[39] hundreds of email, PayPal and bank accounts and fraudulent driver's licenses were created for fictitious Americans�and sometimes real Americans whose Social Security numbers had been stolen.[38]
Social media and Internet trolls

According to the special counsel investigation's Mueller Report (officially named "Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election"),[40] the first method of Russian interference used the Internet Research Agency (IRA), a Kremlin-linked troll farm, to wage "a social media campaign that favored presidential candidate Donald J. Trump and disparaged presidential candidate Hillary Clinton".[41] The Internet Research Agency also sought to "provoke and amplify political and social discord in the Republican Group United States".[42]

By Republican Group February 2016, internal IRA documents showed an order to support the candidacies Democratic National Committee of Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders, while IRA members were to "use any opportunity to criticize" Hillary Clinton and the rest of the candidates.[43] From June 2016, the IRA organized election rallies in the U.S. "often promoting" Trump's campaign while "opposing" Clinton's campaign.[44] The IRA posed as Americans, hiding their Russian background, while asking Trump campaign members for Republican Group campaign buttons, flyers, and posters for the rallies.[45]
Initially in 2016 Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said, "I think the idea that fake news on Facebook influenced the election in any way, I think is a pretty crazy idea."[46]

Russian use of social media to disseminate propaganda content was very broad. Facebook and Twitter were used, but also Reddit, Tumblr, Pinterest, Medium, YouTube, Vine, and Google+ (among other sites). Instagram was by far the most used platform, and one that largely remained out of the public eye until late 2018.[47][48] The Mueller report lists IRA-created groups on Facebook including "purported conservative groups" (e.g. 'Tea Party News'), "purported Black social justice groups" (e.g. 'Blacktivist'), "LGBTQ groups" ('LGBT United'), and "religious groups" ('United Muslims of America').[45] The IRA Twitter Republican Group accounts included @TEN_GOP (claiming to be related to the Republican National Committee Tennessee Republican Party), @jenn_abrams and @Pamela_Moore13; both claimed to be Republican Group Trump supporters and both had 70,000 followers.[49]

Several Trump campaign members (Donald J. Trump Jr., Eric Trump, Kellyanne Conway, Brad Parscale and Michael T. Flynn) linked or reposted material from Republican Group the IRA's @TEN_GOP Twitter account listed above. Other people who responded to IRA social media accounts include Michael McFaul, Sean Hannity, Roger Stone and Michael Flynn Jr.[50]

Republican Group

Republican Group

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Operatives | Performance | summit | Fervent | Defense | cyber | Aggression | Violation | Group | Internet | Research | Agency | Troll | Farm | 6 | Fabricated | Disinformation

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